ART DEPARTMENT STYLE SHEET

The Format of the Paper


Unless your professor has specified other requirements, you should follow these guidelines when preparing a paper:

References in the Text of the Paper

In order to make it easier for your reader to understand your text, you should refer to works of art or pieces of writing according to a consistent, conventional format. The titles of works of art are underlined as are the titles of books, e.g. Picasso's painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Gardner's book Art Through the Ages. The titles of articles in journals or newspapers and the titles of chapters from books are places in quotation marks, e.g. Carrott's chapter "Revivals and Archaisms."

Footnotes and Endnotes

You must acknowledge the sources you have used to prepare a paper. Whether you are quoting directly someone else's words or are paraphrasing an idea or information you found in someone else's work, you must acknowledge the original source. You can do so either by means of a footnote (a note at the bottom of the page where the reference occurs) or by means of endnotes (all the notes gathered at the end of the paper). In either case, you indicate the presence of a note by placing a number in superscript just after the passage in your paper where you have quoted or paraphrased. Whether you are using footnotes or endnotes, notes should be numbered sequentially throughout the paper, first in the text next to the passage to be cited, second in the note itself. Endnotes and footnotes are indented in the same way that paragraphs are indented. They are preceded by the note's number, preferably in superscript.

A note is written in order to let the reader know the original source of a quotation, paraphrase, or information. The note should be written in such a way that the reader can easily locate the source. That means that the note should include enough information about the publication that the reader can reasonably be expected to find it. In general, such information includes the following: the author's or authors' name(s), the title of the publication, the date of publication, and the page(s) from which the quote or paraphrase is drawn. For books, it is important to include the place of publication and the publisher. For articles, it is important to include the name of the journal as well as the volume and issue number. Remember that titles of books and journals are underlined; titles of articles and chapters in books are placed in quotation marks.

After the first reference to a source, if you refer to it again, your note need only include the author's name and the page number(s). If, however, you are citing several works by the same author, you should include the title of the work in addition to the author's name and the page number(s) so that it is easy for the reader to know which work of the author you are citing.

There are many types of publications: single author, multiple author, edited book, chapter in a book edited by another person. In general, use your common sense to make sure that the reader has the information necessary to locate your source. Here are some examples of notes referring to various publication types. Please pay careful attention to the use of punctuation in each case.

Book by a single author:

1.  Susan Denyer, African Traditional Architecture (New York: Africana Publishing House, 1978), pp. 239-259.

Book of essays edited by a single editor:

2.  Helen Searing, ed., In Search of Modern Architecture: A Tribute to Henry-Russell Hitchcock (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), p. 14.

Book by more than one author:

3.  Nicholas Bullock and James Read, The Movement for Housing Reform in Germany and France 1840-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 340.

Journal article by a single author:

4.  Linda Nochlin, "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" Art News 69 (January 1971), p. 38.

Chapter in a book:

5.  Richard G. Carrott, "Revivals and Archaisms," in Helen Searing, ed., In Search of Modern Architecture: A Tribute to Henry-Russell Hitchcock (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982), pp. 16-30.

Newspaper article:

6.  Bertha Brody, "Illegal Immigrant Sculptor Allowed to Stay," New York Times, July 4, 1994, Sec. B, p. 12, col. 2.

Interview:

7.  Interview with Paul Tucker, University of Massachusetts/Boston, May 5, 1996.

Second reference to a book by a single author:

8.  Denyer, p. 55.

Second reference to a book by more than one author:

9.  Bullock and Read, p. 298.

Bibliography

A bibliography is often added at the end of a paper to list all the works that have been cited. This listing is distinct from footnotes or endnotes. Those are used to indicate the sources for a specific passage in the text of the paper; since a work may have been cited more that once, the notes may include some sources many times and others only once. It is difficult to get an overview of all the sources cited just by looking at the footnotes or endnotes in a paper. The bibliography, or list of "Works Cited" as it is often called, provides the reader with an systematic and alphabetized listing of all the sources used during research, each listed only once. It provides the reader with a convenient way to know exactly which sources the author of the paper used.

Since a bibliography is ordered alphabetically, authors are listed by last name first. Anonymous works are listed alphabetically under the first substantive word of the title (not under A, An, or The). The format differs in several ways from footnotes: the form is a hanging paragraph; publication data is not put in parentheses; page numbers are not used for books (you are listing the entire book, not part of it); page numbers for articles in journals or chapters from books indicate all the pages of article or chapter (you are indicating the location of the entire article or chapter, not just the pages cited in your text); there is a double-space between citations. The works cited in the notes above would result in the following bibliography:

Brody, Bertha. "Illegal Immigrant Sculptor Allowed to Stay." New York Times, July 4, 1994. Sec. D, p. 29, col. 2.

Bullock, Nicholas and James Read. The Movement for Housing Reform in Germany and France 1840-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Carrott, Richard G. "Revivals and Archaisms," in Helen Searing, ed. In Search of Modern Architecture: A Tribute to Henry-Russell Hitchcock. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982, pp. 16-30.

Denyer, Susan. African Traditional Architecture. New York: Africana Publishing House, 1978.

Nochlin, Linda. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" Art News 69 (January 1971), pp. 20-54.

Searing, Helen, ed. In Search of Modern Architecture: A Tribute to Henry-Russell Hitchcock. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982.

Tucker, Paul. Interview at University of Massachusetts/Boston, May 5, 1996.

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