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Earliest evidence of human culture in Mesopotamia
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Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture
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Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal
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Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; the Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture
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Warka period: first civilization after the Ubaid in southern Mesopotamia; the Warka period marks the beginning of the Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia
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Gawra and Ninevite periods
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Pre-dynastic Sumerians
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First Sumerian dynasty of Ur
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Sargon I begins the Akkadian rule in Mesopotamia
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Third Sumerian dynasty of Ur
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Old Babylonian period
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Hammurabi, author of the first known Code of Laws
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Staggered periods of Hittite hegemony over Mesopotamia
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Periods of Kassite dominance
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Assyrian period
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Reign of Sennacherib, whose conquest of Judah resulted in the first deportations of the Hebrews
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Reign of Ashurbanipal, the most energetic of the Assyrian conquerors
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Fall of Nineveh
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Neo-Babylonian Period
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Zarathustra, the founder of Persian
Zoroastrianism
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Reign of Nebuchadnezzar; his conquest of Judah and subsequent deportation of some Hebrew peoples mark the beginning of the Hebrew Exile
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Fall of Babylon and the beginning of Persian dominance in Mesopotamia
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Conquest of Lydia and the Greek cities of Asia Minor by Cyrus
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Reign of Darius I; the Persian empire at its fullest extent, from Macedon to Egypt, Palestine to India
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Rebellion of Greek cities against Persian rule
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Darius I invades Greece on a punitive expedition against Athens; known in Greek history as Persian Wars
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Invasion of Greece by Xerxes
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Defeat of Persian armies by the Greeks
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Beginnings of Mithraism in Zoroastrianism
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Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great
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Alexander enters Babylon; final fall of the Persians and Mesopotamian dominance over the region; beginning of Hellenistic period
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Founding of Manicheism, an offshoot of Mithraism and Zoroastrianism, by Mani, a priest of Ecbatana
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