Teachers, Friends, and Associates

Menasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Kaballist, and Spinoza's Teacher at the Amsterdam Yeshiva

Book on New Netherlands Colony in America by Spinoza's Latin Teacher, the Ex-Jesuit and Radical Democrat, Francis Van den Enden

Van den Enden's Signature

Robert Boyle, Chemist and Director of the British Royal Society, Friend of Spinoza

Christian Huygens, Dutch Scientist with Whom Spinoza Observed Jupiter Through a Telescope and with Whom He Discussed the Theory of Optics

Rembrandt, Who May Have Given Spinoza Lessons in Painting

Henry Oldenburg, Diplomat, Scientist, Friend of Spinoza and One of His Main Correspondents

Book by Spinoza's Friend, Adriaan Koerbagh, Developing Further Some of Spinoza's Ideas on Language
Koerbagh Died in Prison in 1669 After His Arrest on Charges of Blasphemy

Simon de Vries, One of Spinoza's Correspondents and Secretary of a Collegiant Philosophical Club

Spinoza's German Friend and Correspondent, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Physician, Physicist, and Mathematician