BENEDICT DE SPINOZA'S POLITICAL TREATISE,

WHEREIN IS DEMONSTRATED, HOW THE SOCIETY IN
WHICH MONARCHICAL DOMINION FINDS PLACE,
AS ALSO THAT IN WHICH THE DOMINION
IS ARISTOCRATIC, SHOULD BE ORDERED,
SO AS NOT TO LAPSE INTO A
TYRANNY, BUT TO PRESERVE
INVIOLATE THE PEACE
AND FREEDOM OF
THE CITIZENS.

[TRACTATUS POLITICUS.]

Edited with an Introduction
by R. H. M. Elwes
Translated by A. H. Gosset
Published by G. Bell & Son
London
1883
Rendered into HTML and Text
by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society
1998


 

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.

1-3. Of the theory and practice of political science.

4. Of the author's design.

5. Of the force of the passions in men.

6, 7. That we must not look to proofs of reason for the causes and foundations of dominion, but deduce them from the general nature or condition of mankind.

 

CHAPTER II. OF NATURAL RIGHT.

1. Right, natural and civil.

2. Essence, ideal and real.

3-5. What natural right is.

6. The vulgar opinion about liberty. Of the first man's fall.

7-10. Of liberty and necessity.

11. He is free, who is led by reason.

12. Of giving and breaking one's word by natural right.

13. Of alliances formed between men.

14. Men naturally enemies.

15. The more there are that come together, the more right all collectively have.

16. Every one has so much the less right, the more the rest collectively exceed him in power.

17. Of dominion and its three kinds.

18. That in the state of nature one can do no wrong.

19-21. What wrong-doing and obedience are.

22. The free man.

23. The just and unjust man.

24. Praise and blame.

 

CHAPTER III. OF THE RIGHT OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES.

1. A commonwealth, affairs of state, citizens, subjects.

2. Right of a dominion same as natural right.

3-4. By the ordinance of the commonwealth a citizen may not live after his own mind.

5-9. Every citizen is dependent not on himself, but on the commonwealth.

10. A question about religion.

11, 12. Of the right of supreme authorities against the world at large.

13. Two commonwealths naturally hostile.

14-18. Of the state of treaty, war, and peace.

 

CHAPTER IV. OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SUPREME AUTHORITIES.

1-3. What matters are affairs of state.

4-6. In what sense it can, in what it cannot be said, that a commonwealth does wrong.

 

CHAPTER V. OF THE BEST STATE OF A DOMINION.

1. That is best which is ordered according to the dictate of reason.

2-6. The end of the civil state. The best dominion.

7. Machiavelli and his design.

. . .

CHAPTER XI. OF DEMOCRACY.

. . .

1, 2. Difference between democracy and aristocracy.

3. Of the nature of democracy.

4. Women to be excluded from government.