Tristram Shandy, Study Questions
1. Perhaps the most obvious first question has to
do with the peculiar typographical and physical characteristics of Sterne's
novel, with its dashes and exclamation marks, its changes in type, its black
page and marbled page and blank page where we are to fill in a description of
our mistress. What do you make of all
this? What are the specific
explanations of typographical unconventionalities? Is there a general explanation?
Does Sterne's manipulation of print contribute to or extend the meaning
of the novel? What attitudes does it
suggest about printing and the relationship of the novel to print?
2. Tristram refers
to Locke rather significantly in the novel, and especially to notions of the
subjective nature of time, the association of ideas, and the unstable nature of
words. What are the uses he makes of
Locke? What Lockean implications does
his novel trace? Is Tristram Shandy
a celebration of Locke's views or a parody of them? (Though the last question presupposes substantial familiarity
with Locke, readers unfamiliar with Locke might still pay attention to the
occasions on which Locke is mentioned and the kinds of ideas Tristram wants to
associate with Locke.)
3. Certainly Tristram
Shandy contains substantial parody of learning, as characteristics both of
"my father" and of Tristram himself.
(Tristram is in many respects the product of the Tristrapaedia.) What purposes does such parody serve? What is its relationship to the exposition
of character? And what do you make of
the fact that Tristram is both the product and the manipulator of such parody?
4. Tristram seems to
fragment himself into different images of the author--as the person writing the
book, as a figure in the book, as an individual with clear traits of both his
father and his uncle, and even as the independent character of Yorick. What do you make of this peculiarly
fragmented self-presentation? Does the
novel add up to nothing more than Tristram's endless views of himself? If so, what implications does this
self-reflection have for the possibilities of meaning? Or, if the novel is not simply (or
complexly) about Tristram, what is it about?
5. In addition to
all of the characters of the past, Tristram the author has various friends in
the present--Eugenius and Jenny in particular.
What is their role in the novel?
In fact, all of Volume VII takes place in the present. What is the relationship between the novel's
present and its past?
6. In fact, the
present time is emphasized to such a degree that one of the major subjects of
the novel seems to be the writing of the novel. But Tristram asserts that the writing of an autobiography can
never be completed. Is this a
"loop" which Tristram has become caught in by accident? Is it a comic game, a whimsical
entertainment? Or does it have deeper
implications about both life and authorship?
7. Writing, Tristram
tells us, is a kind of conversation in which we readers play an important
part. What instructions does he give us
for doing so? And what is the relationship
between us "real" readers and the various fictional one (such as
"Madame" of I,xx) to whom Tristram refers? How do we know when to take his instructions seriously?
8. Some of these
instructions are never articulated, and one seems to be that any language that
can even remotely be construed as dirty ought to be read that way (though in
doing so, we reveal our own dirty minds, as distinct from the
"innocent" mind of Tristram).
Tristram keeps insisting that his intentions are pure and that his
readers' understandings are corrupt.
Two questions obviously follow: (a)
what is the function of naughtiness in the novel, and (b) what is the
relationship between Tristram's secret instructions and his overt denial?
9. Tristram
Shandy is a supreme instance of comedy, both in what it tells and how it
tells it. Tristram himself refers to
the novel as a "bagatelle."
He discusses even the physical uses of Shandyism. (Is there a distinction between Shandyism
and comedy?) What concepts of comedy
underlie the novel? What is the
relationship between the novel's comedy and its various themes (whatever they
are)?
10. Many of
Tristram's characters are incomplete or distorted, defined, in any event, by
their hobbyhorses. What does Tristram
mean by "hobbyhorses"? Is it
a mock theory or a serious idea that governs his treatment of characters? Does Tristram have a theory of
characterization or psychology? What is
the relationship between characterization in the novel and the author's view of
the nature of human nature?
11. Much of Volume
II is devoted to Trim's reading of a sermon ("For we trust we have
a good Conscience") by Yorick who, like Sterne, is a clergyman. In fact, the novel is filled with religious
references--many comic but some serious.
Do these references add up to anything?
Does the novel have any genuinely religious significance? Is the fact that Sterne and Yorick were
clergyman only accidental?
12. Before Trim
reads Yorick's sermon, Tristram spends two pages describing his posture. (An even more significant description of
gesture is the incident of Trim dropping his hat at the beginning of Volume
V.) But Tristram dwells upon such
gestural details throughout. Why? What is the importance of posture or
position or gesture in the novel?
13. As with
typography, Sterne (or Tristram) plays large games with structure (for charts
thereof, see VI, xl) and with such structural units as volumes and chapters,
even to such aberrations as missing pages, prefaces inserted into the middle of
volumes, rearrangement of the order of chapters, sudden shifts and terminations
of material. Are there natural units in
the novel that group events in meaningful ways? How does Tristram represent his extraordinarily digressive mode
of narration? How can we account for
it?
14. In the eighteenth
century, publications were produced to give keys or indices to the tears in Tristram
Shandy. In addition to being an
extraordinarily comic novel, Tristram Shandy is in some senses a highly
sentimental one. What is Tristram's
attitude towards such sentiment? (What
is Sterne's? What is yours?) What is the relationship between the
sentimental and the comic in Tristram Shandy?
15. L--d!
said my mother, what is all this story about?--- A COCK and a BULL, said Yorick---And one of the best of its kind,
I ever heard.
In fact, that
particular story deals with agricultural if not sexual frustration, and it
echoes the repeated theme of frustration in the novel.
Why could I not live and end my days thus? Just disposer of our joys and sorrows, cried I, why could not a
man sit down in the lap of content here---and dance, and sing, and say his
prayers, and go to heaven with this nut-brown maid?
But Tristram, of
course, has to write his uncle Toby's amours.
(What do you make of that activity as a cause of frustration?) What are the varieties of frustration in the
novel? What are their causes? What do Tristram, Sterne, and readers think
of them?
16. The original
volumes of Tristram Shandy appeared over an extended period of
time: Volumes I and II in 1759/1760;
Volumes III and IV in January, 1761; Volumes V and VI in December, 1761;
Volumes VII and VIII in 1765; Volume IX in 1767. Does the prolonged appearance of the novel have any structural
implications. In particular, do Sterne's purposes, attitudes, and focus change
from volume to volume? Does the novel
seem to respond to its own popularity and to the reactions of its original
audience?
17. The Russian
formalist critic Victor Shklovsky called Tristram Shandy "the most
typical novel in western literature."
What can he possibly mean? You
need not look up his essay to answer this question. Its function is to focus
attention not only on the peculiarities of Tristram Shandy but also on
its typical nature as a fiction.